很多外贸订单不是死在报价上,而是死在合同条款上:付款节点写得含糊,尾款被拖 90 天;验收标准没写清,客户以“质量不合格”扣 20% 货款;违约金没上限,一封律师函就让你利润归零。下面把外贸合同拆成 15 个必备条款,每条给中英对照模板句和填写要点,你可以直接复制到自己的合同或形式发票(Proforma Invoice)背面条款里,逐条核对后再发给客户。

一、合同主体与基础信息条款(1-4)

这 4 条决定“合同是否有效、告谁、按什么规则告”。很多纠纷败诉,不是没道理,而是主体写错、地址写错、适用规则没写。

1. 合同双方(Parties)

必须写清法定全称、注册地址、联系人、邮箱、电话。买方如果是中间商,要确认其是否有权代表最终用户签约。

This Contract is made between [Seller Legal Name], a company registered in [Country] with address at [Full Address] (the “Seller”), and [Buyer Legal Name], a company registered in [Country] with address at [Full Address] (the “Buyer”).

实操要点:公司名以营业执照或注册证书为准,不要用品牌名;地址写到门牌号;邮箱用公司域名邮箱,避免用个人 Gmail 作为唯一通知渠道。

2. 货物描述(Description of Goods)

不要只写“5000 pcs LED light”。要写型号、规格、材质、功率、颜色、包装方式。规格参数建议作为附件(Annex A)并双方签字。

The goods shall be [Product Name], Model [Model No.], specification as per Annex A signed by both parties.

3. 数量与溢短装(Quantity and More or Less Clause)

大宗散货常用溢短装条款。例如:允许 ±5% 数量差异,价格按实际装运数量结算。

Quantity: 10,000 pcs, with 5% more or less allowed at Seller’s option. The invoice value shall be calculated based on the actual shipped quantity.

4. 贸易术语(Incoterms 2020)

必须写“Incoterms 2020 + 指定地点”。只写 FOB 不写港口,等于没写。常见:FOB Shanghai、CIF Hamburg、EXW Shenzhen。

术语风险转移点谁付主运费谁买保险常见填写示例
EXW工厂交货买方买方EXW Shenzhen Factory
FOB货物装上船买方买方FOB Ningbo
CIF货物装上船卖方卖方CIF Hamburg
DDP目的地交货卖方卖方DDP Los Angeles Warehouse

二、价格、付款与单据条款(5-8)

这 4 条直接决定你什么时候能拿到钱。建议把付款节点写成“动作 + 天数 + 比例”,不要写“尽快付款”。

5. 单价与总价(Unit Price and Total Amount)

Unit Price: USD 12.50/pc FOB Ningbo. Total Amount: USD 125,000.00 (Say US Dollars One Hundred Twenty-Five Thousand Only).

注意:币种写 ISO 代码(USD/EUR/CNY),金额同时写数字和英文大写,防止篡改。

6. 付款方式与节点(Payment Terms)

最常用:30% 定金 + 70% 见提单副本(T/T 30% deposit, 70% against copy of B/L)。也可用信用证(L/C at sight)。

  • 定金到账后合同生效:Contract becomes effective upon receipt of 30% deposit.
  • 尾款必须在装运后 7 天内支付:The balance shall be paid within 7 days after shipment.
  • 逾期利息:Late payment interest at 0.05% per day.

7. 单据条款(Documents)

列清需要提供哪些单据:商业发票(Commercial Invoice)、装箱单(Packing List)、提单(B/L)、原产地证(Certificate of Origin)、质检报告(Inspection Report)。

Seller shall provide: Commercial Invoice in 3 copies, Packing List in 3 copies, Original B/L, Certificate of Origin, and Mill Test Certificate.

8. 交货时间与装运(Delivery and Shipment)

写“收到定金后 30 天内装运”,不要写“尽快”。并约定装运通知时限。

Time of Shipment: Within 30 days after receipt of 30% deposit. Seller shall notify Buyer within 48 hours after shipment.

三、质量、验收与风险条款(9-12)

客户拒付最常用的理由是质量。把验收标准、验货方式、异议期限写死,能减少 80% 扯皮。

9. 质量标准(Quality Standard)

引用具体标准号:CE、RoHS、ASTM、GB/T。不要只写“good quality”。

Quality shall comply with [Standard No.] and the approved sample dated [Date].

10. 检验与验收(Inspection and Acceptance)

约定第三方验货(如 SGS、BV)费用承担方,以及验货不通过的整改期限。

  1. 买方在装运前 7 天安排验货。
  2. 验货不合格,卖方在 10 天内免费整改并重新验货。
  3. 重新验货仍不合格,买方有权取消订单并要求退还定金。

11. 异议与索赔期限(Claims)

质量异议:货到目的港后 30 天内提出;数量异议:15 天内提出。逾期视为验收合格。

Any claim shall be raised within 30 days after arrival of goods at destination port, otherwise the goods shall be deemed accepted.

12. 风险与所有权转移(Risk and Title)

按 Incoterms 2020 执行。若采用赊销(O/A),建议保留所有权直到全款到账。

Title to the goods shall remain with Seller until full payment is received.

四、违约、不可抗力与争议解决(13-15)

这三条是“打官司时用”的。平时用不上,一旦用上就是几十万的区别。

13. 违约责任与违约金(Default and Liquidated Damages)

建议写:逾期交货每天按合同总额 0.05% 支付违约金,上限 5%。买方逾期付款同理。

If Seller fails to deliver on time, Seller shall pay 0.05% of total contract value per day as liquidated damages, capped at 5%.

14. 不可抗力(Force Majeure)

写清通知时限和证明文件:事件发生后 15 天内提供商会或政府证明。

Either party shall notify the other within 15 days and provide a certificate issued by a competent authority.

15. 适用法律与争议解决(Governing Law and Dispute Resolution)

二选一:仲裁或诉讼。仲裁推荐 CIETAC、HKIAC、SIAC。写清仲裁地、语言、裁决终局性。

Any dispute shall be submitted to CIETAC Shanghai for arbitration in accordance with its rules. The arbitration award shall be final and binding.

常见问题(FAQ)

Q1:客户只肯签 PI,不签正式合同,怎么办?

把上述 15 条精简成 8 条核心条款写在 PI 背面,并在 PI 上写明“Buyer’s acceptance of this PI constitutes a binding contract”。同时让客户回签(signed and stamped)或邮件回复“We confirm the PI”。邮件确认在多数法域可作为合同成立证据。

Q2:付款条款客户要求 100% 见提单副本付款,风险大吗?

比 O/A 好,但仍需注意:提单副本可能被用于提货欺诈。建议:1)做电放(Telex Release)前必须收到全款;2)或采用不可撤销即期信用证(Irrevocable L/C at sight);3)投保出口信用保险(如中国信保)。

Q3:违约金写多少合适?会不会被法院调低?

常见区间 0.03%-0.1%/天,上限 5%-10%。过高可能被认定惩罚性而调低。建议写“补偿性违约金”并保留实际损失索赔权:Liquidated damages shall not preclude the right to claim actual losses exceeding such amount.

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